Introduction

Surfactants, or surface-active agents, are compounds that reduce the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to spread more easily and mix with other substances it wouldn't normally mix with. They are widely used in detergents, personal care products, and industrial applications because of their dual-part molecular structure: a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-hating) tail. This structure enables them to break down the interface between oil and water, making it possible to lift and wash away dirt and grease